diff --git a/src/include/ranges/range_base.h b/src/include/ranges/range_base.h
index a35593b..916da1e 100644
--- a/src/include/ranges/range_base.h
+++ b/src/include/ranges/range_base.h
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <memory>
 
-#include "base_def.h"
+#include "rbase_def.h"
 
 namespace MultiArrayTools
 {
diff --git a/src/include/ranges/rbase_def.h b/src/include/ranges/rbase_def.h
index 1c0e4a2..8212957 100644
--- a/src/include/ranges/rbase_def.h
+++ b/src/include/ranges/rbase_def.h
@@ -72,6 +72,15 @@ namespace MultiArrayTools
     // anonymous_range.h
     //class AnonymousRange;
 
+    // value_range.h
+    template <typename U>
+    class ValueRange;
+
+    template <typename U>
+    class ValueRangeFactory;
+
+    template <typename U>
+    class ValueIndex;
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/src/include/ranges/rheader.h b/src/include/ranges/rheader.h
index 3892b95..60a38e4 100644
--- a/src/include/ranges/rheader.h
+++ b/src/include/ranges/rheader.h
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
 
+//#ifndef __rheader_h__
+//#define __rheader_h__
+
 #include "rpheader.h"
 #include "anonymous_range.h"
+#include "value_range.h"
+
+//#endif
diff --git a/src/include/ranges/rpheader.h b/src/include/ranges/rpheader.h
index 1ae1f61..c3c4142 100644
--- a/src/include/ranges/rpheader.h
+++ b/src/include/ranges/rpheader.h
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 
+//#ifndef __rpheader_h__
+//#define __rpheader_h__
+
 #include "single_range.h"
 #include "multi_range.h"
 #include "container_range.h"
-#include "anonymous_range.h"
+//#include "anonymous_range.h"
+
+//#endif
diff --git a/src/include/ranges/single_range.h b/src/include/ranges/single_range.h
index e3d18a0..ac6a90e 100644
--- a/src/include/ranges/single_range.h
+++ b/src/include/ranges/single_range.h
@@ -15,13 +15,19 @@
 #include "ranges/x_to_string.h"
 #include "ranges/type_map.h"
 
-#include "xfor/xfor.h"
+#include "xfor/for_type.h"
+//#include "xfor/xfor.h"
+
 
-using MultiArrayHelper::For;
 
 namespace MultiArrayTools
 {
+    namespace
+    {
+	using namespace MultiArrayHelper;
+    }
 
+    
     template <typename U, SpaceType TYPE>
     class SingleIndex : public IndexInterface<SingleIndex<U,TYPE>,U>
     {
diff --git a/src/include/ranges/value_range.h b/src/include/ranges/value_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af156b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/include/ranges/value_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+
+#ifndef __value_range_h__
+#define __value_range_h__
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+#include <map>
+
+#include "rbase_def.h"
+//#include "base_def.h"
+#include "ranges/rpheader.h"
+#include "ranges/index_base.h"
+#include "ranges/range_base.h"
+#include "ranges/x_to_string.h"
+#include "ranges/type_map.h"
+
+#include "xfor/for_type.h"
+
+namespace MultiArrayTools
+{
+
+    namespace
+    {
+	using namespace MultiArrayHelper;
+    }
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    class ValueIndex : public IndexInterface<ValueIndex<U>,U>
+    {
+    public:
+
+	typedef IndexInterface<ValueIndex<U>,U> IB;
+	typedef U MetaType;
+	typedef ValueRange<U> RangeType;
+	typedef ValueIndex IType;
+
+	ValueIndex(const U& val); // default range
+	ValueIndex(U&& val); // default range
+
+	static constexpr IndexType sType() { return IndexType::SINGLE; }
+	static constexpr size_t totalDim() { return 1; }
+	static constexpr size_t sDim() { return 1; }
+
+	static constexpr SpaceType STYPE = SpaceType::NONE;
+	
+	IndexType type() const;
+	
+	ValueIndex& operator=(size_t pos);
+	ValueIndex& operator++();
+	ValueIndex& operator--();
+
+	int pp(std::intptr_t idxPtrNum);
+	int mm(std::intptr_t idxPtrNum);
+
+	std::string stringMeta() const;
+	const U& meta() const;
+	const U* metaPtr() const;
+	ValueIndex& at(const U& metaPos);
+	size_t posAt(const U& metaPos) const;
+	
+	size_t dim(); // = 1
+	bool last();
+	bool first();
+
+	std::shared_ptr<RangeType> range();
+	
+	template <size_t N>
+	void getPtr();
+
+	size_t getStepSize(size_t n);
+	
+	std::string id() const;
+	void print(size_t offset);
+
+	template <class Expr>
+	auto ifor(Expr ex) const
+	    -> For<ValueIndex<U>,Expr>;
+
+	template <class Expr>
+	auto iforh(Expr ex) const
+	    -> For<ValueIndex<U>,Expr,ForType::HIDDEN>;
+	
+    private:
+	std::shared_ptr<RangeType> mExplicitRangePtr;
+	U mMeta;
+    };
+
+    template <typename U>
+    class ValueRangeFactory : public RangeFactoryBase
+    {
+    public:
+
+	typedef ValueRange<U> oType;
+	
+	ValueRangeFactory();
+	std::shared_ptr<RangeBase> create();
+    };
+
+    template <typename U>
+    class ValueRange : public RangeInterface<ValueIndex<U> >
+    {
+    public:
+	typedef RangeBase RB;
+	typedef ValueIndex<U> IndexType;
+	typedef ValueRange RangeType;
+	typedef U MetaType;
+
+	virtual size_t size() const final;
+	virtual size_t dim() const final;
+
+	virtual SpaceType spaceType() const final;
+	
+	virtual std::string stringMeta(size_t pos) const final;
+	virtual std::vector<char> data() const final;
+
+	virtual IndexType begin() const final;
+	virtual IndexType end() const final;
+		
+	friend ValueRangeFactory<U>;
+
+	static constexpr bool defaultable = true;
+	static constexpr size_t ISSTATIC = 1;
+	static constexpr size_t SIZE = 1;
+	static constexpr bool HASMETACONT = false;
+
+    protected:
+
+	ValueRange() = default;
+    };
+    
+} // namespace MultiArrayTools
+
+/* ========================= *
+ * ---   TEMPLATE CODE   --- *
+ * ========================= */
+
+namespace MultiArrayTools
+{
+    /*****************
+     *  ValueIndex   *	     
+     *****************/
+
+    namespace
+    {
+	template<typename U>
+	std::shared_ptr<RangeBase> mkDefaultValueRange()
+	{
+	    ValueRangeFactory<U> vrf;
+	    return vrf->create();
+	}
+    }
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    ValueIndex<U>::ValueIndex(const U& val) : IndexInterface<ValueIndex<U>,U>(mkDefaultValueRange<U>(), 0),
+					      mExplicitRangePtr(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<RangeType>(IB::mRangePtr)),
+					      mMeta(val) {}
+
+    template <typename U>
+    ValueIndex<U>::ValueIndex(U&& val) : IndexInterface<ValueIndex<U>,U>(mkDefaultValueRange<U>(), 0),
+					 mExplicitRangePtr(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<RangeType>(IB::mRangePtr)),
+					 mMeta(val) {}
+
+    template <typename U>
+    IndexType ValueIndex<U>::type() const
+    {
+	return IndexType::SINGLE;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    ValueIndex<U>& ValueIndex<U>::operator=(size_t pos)
+    {
+	IB::mPos = pos;
+	return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    ValueIndex<U>& ValueIndex<U>::operator++()
+    {
+	++IB::mPos;
+	return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    ValueIndex<U>& ValueIndex<U>::operator--()
+    {
+	--IB::mPos;
+	return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    int ValueIndex<U>::pp(std::intptr_t idxPtrNum)
+    {
+	++(*this);
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    int ValueIndex<U>::mm(std::intptr_t idxPtrNum)
+    {
+	--(*this);
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    std::string ValueIndex<U>::stringMeta() const
+    {
+	return xToString(mMeta);
+    }
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    const U& ValueIndex<U>::meta() const
+    {
+	return mMeta;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    const U* ValueIndex<U>::metaPtr() const
+    {
+	return &mMeta;
+    }
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    ValueIndex<U>& ValueIndex<U>::at(const U& metaPos)
+    {
+	mMeta = metaPos;
+	return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    size_t ValueIndex<U>::posAt(const U& metaPos) const
+    {
+	return 0;
+    }
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    size_t ValueIndex<U>::dim() // = 1
+    {
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    bool ValueIndex<U>::last()
+    {
+	return IB::mPos == IB::mMax - 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    bool ValueIndex<U>::first()
+    {
+	return IB::mPos == 0;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    std::shared_ptr<typename ValueIndex<U>::RangeType> ValueIndex<U>::range()
+    {
+	return std::dynamic_pointer_cast<RangeType>( IB::mRangePtr );
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    template <size_t N>
+    void ValueIndex<U>::getPtr() {}
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    size_t ValueIndex<U>::getStepSize(size_t n)
+    {
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    std::string ValueIndex<U>::id() const
+    {
+	return std::string("val") + std::to_string(IB::mId);
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    void ValueIndex<U>::print(size_t offset)
+    {
+	if(offset == 0){
+	    std::cout << " === " << std::endl;
+	}
+	for(size_t j = 0; j != offset; ++j) { std::cout << "\t"; }
+	std::cout << id() << "[" << reinterpret_cast<std::intptr_t>(this)
+		  << "](" << IB::mRangePtr << "): " << meta() << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    template <class Expr>
+    auto ValueIndex<U>::ifor(Expr ex) const
+	-> For<ValueIndex<U>,Expr>
+    {
+	//static const size_t LAYER = typename Expr::LAYER; 
+	return For<ValueIndex<U>,Expr>(this, ex);
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    template <class Expr>
+    auto ValueIndex<U>::iforh(Expr ex) const
+	-> For<ValueIndex<U>,Expr,ForType::HIDDEN>
+    {
+	//static const size_t LAYER = typename Expr::LAYER; 
+	return For<ValueIndex<U>,Expr,ForType::HIDDEN>(this, ex);
+    }
+
+
+    /**************************
+     *   ValueRangeFactory    *
+     **************************/
+
+
+    template <typename U>
+    ValueRangeFactory<U>::ValueRangeFactory()
+    {
+	mProd = std::shared_ptr<oType>( new ValueRange<U>() );
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    std::shared_ptr<RangeBase> ValueRangeFactory<U>::create()
+    {
+	setSelf();
+	return mProd;
+    }
+
+
+    /*******************
+     *   ValueRange    *
+     *******************/
+
+    template <typename U>
+    size_t ValueRange<U>::size() const
+    {
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    size_t ValueRange<U>::dim() const
+    {
+	return 1;
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    SpaceType ValueRange<U>::spaceType() const
+    {
+	return SpaceType::NONE;
+    }
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    std::string ValueRange<U>::stringMeta(size_t pos) const
+    {
+	return "";
+    }
+
+    template <typename U>
+    std::vector<char> ValueRange<U>::data() const
+    {
+	assert(0);
+	DataHeader h;
+	h.spaceType = static_cast<int>( SpaceType::NONE );
+	h.metaSize = 0;
+	h.metaType = NumTypeMap<U>::num;
+	h.multiple = 0;
+	std::vector<char> out;
+	out.reserve(h.metaSize + sizeof(DataHeader));
+	char* hcp = reinterpret_cast<char*>(&h);
+	out.insert(out.end(), hcp, hcp + sizeof(DataHeader));
+	
+	//const char* scp = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(mSpace.data());
+	//out.insert(out.end(), scp, scp + h.metaSize);
+	return out;
+    }
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    typename ValueRange<U>::IndexType ValueRange<U>::begin() const
+    {
+	ValueIndex<U> i( std::dynamic_pointer_cast<ValueRange<U> >
+			 ( std::shared_ptr<RangeBase>( RB::mThis ) ) );
+	i = 0;
+	return i;
+    }
+    
+    template <typename U>
+    typename ValueRange<U>::IndexType ValueRange<U>::end() const
+    {
+	ValueIndex<U> i( std::dynamic_pointer_cast<ValueRange<U> >
+			 ( std::shared_ptr<RangeBase>( RB::mThis ) ) );
+	i = size();
+	return i;
+    }
+
+
+} // namespace MultiArrayTools
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/include/xfor/for_type.h b/src/include/xfor/for_type.h
index 0d2deda..d6866a5 100644
--- a/src/include/xfor/for_type.h
+++ b/src/include/xfor/for_type.h
@@ -4,13 +4,15 @@
 
 namespace MultiArrayHelper
 {
-
     
     enum class ForType {
 	DEFAULT = 0,
 	HIDDEN = 1	
     };
 
+    template <class IndexClass, class Expr, ForType FT = ForType::DEFAULT>
+    class For;
+
     
 } // end namespace MultiArrayHelper
 
diff --git a/src/include/xfor/for_utils.h b/src/include/xfor/for_utils.h
index b706c97..20679b0 100644
--- a/src/include/xfor/for_utils.h
+++ b/src/include/xfor/for_utils.h
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #ifndef __for_utils_h__
 #define __for_utils_h__
 
-#include "ranges/rheader.h"
+//#include "ranges/rheader.h"
 #include <array>
 #include <tuple>
 
diff --git a/src/include/xfor/xfor.h b/src/include/xfor/xfor.h
index cb64be5..14f7ebd 100644
--- a/src/include/xfor/xfor.h
+++ b/src/include/xfor/xfor.h
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <memory>
 #include <tuple>
-#include "xfor/for_utils.h"
 #include "xfor/for_type.h"
+#include "xfor/for_utils.h"
 #include "xfor/exttype.h"
 
 namespace MultiArrayHelper
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ namespace MultiArrayHelper
 
     };
     
-    template <class IndexClass, class Expr, ForType FT = ForType::DEFAULT>
+    template <class IndexClass, class Expr, ForType FT>
     class For
     {
     private: