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Johannes Loher
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# Hands-On DLang
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- [Hands-On DLang](#hands-on-dlang)
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- [Setup](#setup)
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- [Installing DMD and DUB](#installing-dmd-and-dub)
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- [OS X](#os-x)
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- [Installing with Homebrew (recommended)](#installing-with-homebrew-recommended)
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- [Installing locally using the install script](#installing-locally-using-the-install-script)
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- [Installing using the installer](#installing-using-the-installer)
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- [Windows](#windows)
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- [Recommended editor setup](#recommended-editor-setup)
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- [Installation of Visual Studio Code](#installation-of-visual-studio-code)
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- [Extension setup](#extension-setup)
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- [Basics](#basics)
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- [Hello World](#hello-world)
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- [Imports and modules](#imports-and-modules)
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- [Selective imports](#selective-imports)
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- [Scoped imports](#scoped-imports)
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- [Imports match files and directories](#imports-match-files-and-directories)
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- [Basic Types](#basic-types)
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- [Type conversion](#type-conversion)
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- [Type properties](#type-properties)
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- [Indexing](#indexing)
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- [Variable declarations](#variable-declarations)
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- [Mutability](#mutability)
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- [`immutable`](#immutable)
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- [`const`](#const)
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- [Functions](#functions)
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- [Return type deduction](#return-type-deduction)
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- [Default arguments](#default-arguments)
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- [Local functions](#local-functions)
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- [Memory and pointers](#memory-and-pointers)
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- [Memory safety](#memory-safety)
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- [Structs](#structs)
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- [Member functions](#member-functions)
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- [`const` member functions](#const-member-functions)
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- [`static` member functions](#static-member-functions)
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- [Arrays](#arrays)
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- [Static arrays](#static-arrays)
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- [Dynamic arrays](#dynamic-arrays)
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- [Array operations and properties](#array-operations-and-properties)
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- [Slices](#slices)
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- [Alias and `string`s](#alias-and-strings)
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- [Control flow](#control-flow)
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- [if…else](#if%E2%80%A6else)
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- [switch…case](#switch%E2%80%A6case)
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- [Old fashioned loops](#old-fashioned-loops)
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- [Breaking out of outer loops](#breaking-out-of-outer-loops)
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- [`foreach` loops](#foreach-loops)
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- [Element iteration](#element-iteration)
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- [Access by reference](#access-by-reference)
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- [Iterate `n` times](#iterate-n-times)
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- [Iteration with index counter](#iteration-with-index-counter)
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- [Ranges](#ranges)
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- [Laziness](#laziness)
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- [Copying ranges](#copying-ranges)
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- [`RandomAccessRange`s](#randomaccessranges)
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- [Lazy range algorithms](#lazy-range-algorithms)
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- [Associative arrays](#associative-arrays)
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- [Classes](#classes)
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- [Inheritance](#inheritance)
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- [Final and abstract member functions](#final-and-abstract-member-functions)
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- [Checking for identity](#checking-for-identity)
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- [Interfaces](#interfaces)
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- [Templates](#templates)
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- [Template functions](#template-functions)
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- [Other templates](#other-templates)
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- [Template value parameters](#template-value-parameters)
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- [Other template parameters](#other-template-parameters)
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- [Delegates](#delegates)
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- [Functions as arguments](#functions-as-arguments)
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- [Local functions with context](#local-functions-with-context)
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- [Anonymous functions and lambdas](#anonymous-functions-and-lambdas)
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- [Exceptions](#exceptions)
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- [`nothrow`](#nothrow)
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- [Gems](#gems)
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- [Uniform function call syntax (UFCS)](#uniform-function-call-syntax-ufcs)
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- [Scope guards](#scope-guards)
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* [Hands-On DLang](#hands-on-dlang)
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* [Setup](#setup)
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* [Installing DMD and DUB](#installing-dmd-and-dub)
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* [OS X](#os-x)
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* [Installing with Homebrew (recommended)](#installing-with-homebrew-recommended)
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* [Installing locally using the install script](#installing-locally-using-the-install-script)
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* [Installing using the installer](#installing-using-the-installer)
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* [Windows](#windows)
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* [Recommended editor setup](#recommended-editor-setup)
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* [Installation of Visual Studio Code](#installation-of-visual-studio-code)
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* [Extension setup](#extension-setup)
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* [Basics](#basics)
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* [Hello World](#hello-world)
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* [Imports and modules](#imports-and-modules)
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* [Selective imports](#selective-imports)
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* [Scoped imports](#scoped-imports)
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* [Imports match files and directories](#imports-match-files-and-directories)
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* [Basic Types](#basic-types)
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* [Type conversion](#type-conversion)
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* [Type properties](#type-properties)
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* [Indexing](#indexing)
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* [Variable declarations](#variable-declarations)
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* [Mutability](#mutability)
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* [`immutable`](#immutable)
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* [`const`](#const)
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* [Functions](#functions)
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* [Return type deduction](#return-type-deduction)
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* [Default arguments](#default-arguments)
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* [Local functions](#local-functions)
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* [Memory and pointers](#memory-and-pointers)
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* [Memory safety](#memory-safety)
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* [Structs](#structs)
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* [Member functions](#member-functions)
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* [`const` member functions](#const-member-functions)
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* [`static` member functions](#static-member-functions)
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* [Arrays](#arrays)
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* [Static arrays](#static-arrays)
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* [Dynamic arrays](#dynamic-arrays)
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* [Array operations and properties](#array-operations-and-properties)
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* [Slices](#slices)
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* [Alias and `string`s](#alias-and-strings)
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* [Control flow](#control-flow)
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* [if…else](#if%E2%80%A6else)
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* [switch…case](#switch%E2%80%A6case)
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* [Old fashioned loops](#old-fashioned-loops)
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* [Breaking out of outer loops](#breaking-out-of-outer-loops)
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* [`foreach` loops](#foreach-loops)
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* [Element iteration](#element-iteration)
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* [Access by reference](#access-by-reference)
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* [Iterate `n` times](#iterate-n-times)
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* [Iteration with index counter](#iteration-with-index-counter)
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* [Ranges](#ranges)
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* [Laziness](#laziness)
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* [Copying ranges](#copying-ranges)
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* [`RandomAccessRange`s](#randomaccessranges)
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* [Lazy range algorithms](#lazy-range-algorithms)
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* [Associative arrays](#associative-arrays)
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* [Classes](#classes)
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* [Inheritance](#inheritance)
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* [Final and abstract member functions](#final-and-abstract-member-functions)
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* [Checking for identity](#checking-for-identity)
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* [Interfaces](#interfaces)
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* [Templates](#templates)
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* [Template functions](#template-functions)
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* [Other templates](#other-templates)
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* [Template value parameters](#template-value-parameters)
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* [Other template parameters](#other-template-parameters)
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* [Delegates](#delegates)
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* [Functions as arguments](#functions-as-arguments)
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* [Local functions with context](#local-functions-with-context)
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* [Anonymous functions and lambdas](#anonymous-functions-and-lambdas)
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* [Exceptions](#exceptions)
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* [`nothrow`](#nothrow)
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* [Gems](#gems)
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* [Uniform function call syntax (UFCS)](#uniform-function-call-syntax-ufcs)
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* [Scope guards](#scope-guards)
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## Setup
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### Interfaces
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`interface`s work basically the same as in Java:
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```D
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interface Animal {
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void makeNoise();
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@ -894,6 +895,7 @@ animal.makeNoise();
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### Templates
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#### Template functions
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Template functions in D are very similar to C++ template functions:
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```D
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@ -917,7 +919,6 @@ template add(T) {
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}
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```
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D also allows implicit function template instanciation:
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```D
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@ -938,6 +939,7 @@ print!(int, string)(42, "is the best number");
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#### Other templates
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Of course, `struct`s, `class`es and `interface`s can also be templated:
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```D
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struct S(T) {
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/* … */
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#### Other template parameters
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There are some other types of template parameters: template alias parameters
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There are some other types of template parameters: template alias parameters
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and template sequence parameters. Template alias parameters can be any D symbol
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(which means basically anything except for basic types):
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```D
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void print(alias var)() {
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writeln(var);
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}
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```
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#### Anonymous functions and lambdas
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You can write anonymous functions and lambdas like this:
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```D
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```
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### Exceptions
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Exceptions in D are very similar to Exceptions in Java:
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```D
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int divide4By2() nothrow {
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return divide(4, 2); // error, divide my throw
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}
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```
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## Gems
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assert(a == "cool stuff");
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```
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UFCS is especially important when dealing with ranges where several algorithms can be put together to perform complex operations, still allowing to write clear and manageable code.
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UFCS is especially important when dealing with ranges where several algorithms can be put together to perform complex operations, still allowing to write clear and manageable code.
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```D
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import std.algorithm : group;
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### Scope guards
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Scope guards allow executing statements at certain conditions if the current block is left:
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* `scope(exit)` will always call the statements.
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* `scope(success)` statements are called when no exceptions have been thrown.
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* `scope(failure)` denotes statements that will be called when an exception
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scope(exit) free(p);
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/* Do some stuff, which potentially might throw, which does not matter,
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p is freed anyways when leaving the scope */
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}
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}
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```
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