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hands-on_dlang.md
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# Hands-On DLang # Hands-On DLang
- [Hands-On DLang](#hands-on-dlang) * [Hands-On DLang](#hands-on-dlang)
- [Setup](#setup) * [Setup](#setup)
- [Installing DMD and DUB](#installing-dmd-and-dub) * [Installing DMD and DUB](#installing-dmd-and-dub)
- [OS X](#os-x) * [OS X](#os-x)
- [Installing with Homebrew (recommended)](#installing-with-homebrew-recommended) * [Installing with Homebrew (recommended)](#installing-with-homebrew-recommended)
- [Installing locally using the install script](#installing-locally-using-the-install-script) * [Installing locally using the install script](#installing-locally-using-the-install-script)
- [Installing using the installer](#installing-using-the-installer) * [Installing using the installer](#installing-using-the-installer)
- [Windows](#windows) * [Windows](#windows)
- [Recommended editor setup](#recommended-editor-setup) * [Recommended editor setup](#recommended-editor-setup)
- [Installation of Visual Studio Code](#installation-of-visual-studio-code) * [Installation of Visual Studio Code](#installation-of-visual-studio-code)
- [Extension setup](#extension-setup) * [Extension setup](#extension-setup)
- [Basics](#basics) * [Basics](#basics)
- [Hello World](#hello-world) * [Hello World](#hello-world)
- [Imports and modules](#imports-and-modules) * [Imports and modules](#imports-and-modules)
- [Selective imports](#selective-imports) * [Selective imports](#selective-imports)
- [Scoped imports](#scoped-imports) * [Scoped imports](#scoped-imports)
- [Imports match files and directories](#imports-match-files-and-directories) * [Imports match files and directories](#imports-match-files-and-directories)
- [Basic Types](#basic-types) * [Basic Types](#basic-types)
- [Type conversion](#type-conversion) * [Type conversion](#type-conversion)
- [Type properties](#type-properties) * [Type properties](#type-properties)
- [Indexing](#indexing) * [Indexing](#indexing)
- [Variable declarations](#variable-declarations) * [Variable declarations](#variable-declarations)
- [Mutability](#mutability) * [Mutability](#mutability)
- [`immutable`](#immutable) * [`immutable`](#immutable)
- [`const`](#const) * [`const`](#const)
- [Functions](#functions) * [Functions](#functions)
- [Return type deduction](#return-type-deduction) * [Return type deduction](#return-type-deduction)
- [Default arguments](#default-arguments) * [Default arguments](#default-arguments)
- [Local functions](#local-functions) * [Local functions](#local-functions)
- [Memory and pointers](#memory-and-pointers) * [Memory and pointers](#memory-and-pointers)
- [Memory safety](#memory-safety) * [Memory safety](#memory-safety)
- [Structs](#structs) * [Structs](#structs)
- [Member functions](#member-functions) * [Member functions](#member-functions)
- [`const` member functions](#const-member-functions) * [`const` member functions](#const-member-functions)
- [`static` member functions](#static-member-functions) * [`static` member functions](#static-member-functions)
- [Arrays](#arrays) * [Arrays](#arrays)
- [Static arrays](#static-arrays) * [Static arrays](#static-arrays)
- [Dynamic arrays](#dynamic-arrays) * [Dynamic arrays](#dynamic-arrays)
- [Array operations and properties](#array-operations-and-properties) * [Array operations and properties](#array-operations-and-properties)
- [Slices](#slices) * [Slices](#slices)
- [Alias and `string`s](#alias-and-strings) * [Alias and `string`s](#alias-and-strings)
- [Control flow](#control-flow) * [Control flow](#control-flow)
- [if…else](#if%E2%80%A6else) * [if…else](#if%E2%80%A6else)
- [switch…case](#switch%E2%80%A6case) * [switch…case](#switch%E2%80%A6case)
- [Old fashioned loops](#old-fashioned-loops) * [Old fashioned loops](#old-fashioned-loops)
- [Breaking out of outer loops](#breaking-out-of-outer-loops) * [Breaking out of outer loops](#breaking-out-of-outer-loops)
- [`foreach` loops](#foreach-loops) * [`foreach` loops](#foreach-loops)
- [Element iteration](#element-iteration) * [Element iteration](#element-iteration)
- [Access by reference](#access-by-reference) * [Access by reference](#access-by-reference)
- [Iterate `n` times](#iterate-n-times) * [Iterate `n` times](#iterate-n-times)
- [Iteration with index counter](#iteration-with-index-counter) * [Iteration with index counter](#iteration-with-index-counter)
- [Ranges](#ranges) * [Ranges](#ranges)
- [Laziness](#laziness) * [Laziness](#laziness)
- [Copying ranges](#copying-ranges) * [Copying ranges](#copying-ranges)
- [`RandomAccessRange`s](#randomaccessranges) * [`RandomAccessRange`s](#randomaccessranges)
- [Lazy range algorithms](#lazy-range-algorithms) * [Lazy range algorithms](#lazy-range-algorithms)
- [Associative arrays](#associative-arrays) * [Associative arrays](#associative-arrays)
- [Classes](#classes) * [Classes](#classes)
- [Inheritance](#inheritance) * [Inheritance](#inheritance)
- [Final and abstract member functions](#final-and-abstract-member-functions) * [Final and abstract member functions](#final-and-abstract-member-functions)
- [Checking for identity](#checking-for-identity) * [Checking for identity](#checking-for-identity)
- [Interfaces](#interfaces) * [Interfaces](#interfaces)
- [Templates](#templates) * [Templates](#templates)
- [Template functions](#template-functions) * [Template functions](#template-functions)
- [Other templates](#other-templates) * [Other templates](#other-templates)
- [Template value parameters](#template-value-parameters) * [Template value parameters](#template-value-parameters)
- [Other template parameters](#other-template-parameters) * [Other template parameters](#other-template-parameters)
- [Delegates](#delegates) * [Delegates](#delegates)
- [Functions as arguments](#functions-as-arguments) * [Functions as arguments](#functions-as-arguments)
- [Local functions with context](#local-functions-with-context) * [Local functions with context](#local-functions-with-context)
- [Anonymous functions and lambdas](#anonymous-functions-and-lambdas) * [Anonymous functions and lambdas](#anonymous-functions-and-lambdas)
- [Exceptions](#exceptions) * [Exceptions](#exceptions)
- [`nothrow`](#nothrow) * [`nothrow`](#nothrow)
- [Gems](#gems) * [Gems](#gems)
- [Uniform function call syntax (UFCS)](#uniform-function-call-syntax-ufcs) * [Uniform function call syntax (UFCS)](#uniform-function-call-syntax-ufcs)
- [Scope guards](#scope-guards) * [Scope guards](#scope-guards)
## Setup ## Setup
@ -875,6 +875,7 @@ if (c is null) // ok
### Interfaces ### Interfaces
`interface`s work basically the same as in Java: `interface`s work basically the same as in Java:
```D ```D
interface Animal { interface Animal {
void makeNoise(); void makeNoise();
@ -894,6 +895,7 @@ animal.makeNoise();
### Templates ### Templates
#### Template functions #### Template functions
Template functions in D are very similar to C++ template functions: Template functions in D are very similar to C++ template functions:
```D ```D
@ -917,7 +919,6 @@ template add(T) {
} }
``` ```
D also allows implicit function template instanciation: D also allows implicit function template instanciation:
```D ```D
@ -938,6 +939,7 @@ print!(int, string)(42, "is the best number");
#### Other templates #### Other templates
Of course, `struct`s, `class`es and `interface`s can also be templated: Of course, `struct`s, `class`es and `interface`s can also be templated:
```D ```D
struct S(T) { struct S(T) {
/* … */ /* … */
@ -987,7 +989,6 @@ and template sequence parameters. Template alias parameters can be any D symbol
(which means basically anything except for basic types): (which means basically anything except for basic types):
```D ```D
void print(alias var)() { void print(alias var)() {
writeln(var); writeln(var);
} }
@ -1052,6 +1053,7 @@ writeln(f()); // 42
``` ```
#### Anonymous functions and lambdas #### Anonymous functions and lambdas
You can write anonymous functions and lambdas like this: You can write anonymous functions and lambdas like this:
```D ```D
@ -1069,6 +1071,7 @@ These are often passed as template arguments in the functional parts of Phobos:
``` ```
### Exceptions ### Exceptions
Exceptions in D are very similar to Exceptions in Java: Exceptions in D are very similar to Exceptions in Java:
```D ```D
@ -1108,7 +1111,6 @@ int divide(int a, int b) {
int divide4By2() nothrow { int divide4By2() nothrow {
return divide(4, 2); // error, divide my throw return divide(4, 2); // error, divide my throw
} }
``` ```
## Gems ## Gems
@ -1154,6 +1156,7 @@ import std.range : chain, retro, front, retro;
### Scope guards ### Scope guards
Scope guards allow executing statements at certain conditions if the current block is left: Scope guards allow executing statements at certain conditions if the current block is left:
* `scope(exit)` will always call the statements. * `scope(exit)` will always call the statements.
* `scope(success)` statements are called when no exceptions have been thrown. * `scope(success)` statements are called when no exceptions have been thrown.
* `scope(failure)` denotes statements that will be called when an exception * `scope(failure)` denotes statements that will be called when an exception
@ -1171,3 +1174,4 @@ void foo() {
/* Do some stuff, which potentially might throw, which does not matter, /* Do some stuff, which potentially might throw, which does not matter,
p is freed anyways when leaving the scope */ p is freed anyways when leaving the scope */
} }
```