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hands-on_dlang.md
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# Hands-On DLang # Hands-On DLang
- [Hands-On DLang](#hands-on-dlang) * [Hands-On DLang](#hands-on-dlang)
- [Setup](#setup) * [Setup](#setup)
- [Installing DMD and DUB](#installing-dmd-and-dub) * [Installing DMD and DUB](#installing-dmd-and-dub)
- [OS X](#os-x) * [OS X](#os-x)
- [Installing with Homebrew (recommended)](#installing-with-homebrew-recommended) * [Installing with Homebrew (recommended)](#installing-with-homebrew-recommended)
- [Installing locally using the install script](#installing-locally-using-the-install-script) * [Installing locally using the install script](#installing-locally-using-the-install-script)
- [Installing using the installer](#installing-using-the-installer) * [Installing using the installer](#installing-using-the-installer)
- [Windows](#windows) * [Windows](#windows)
- [Recommended editor setup](#recommended-editor-setup) * [Recommended editor setup](#recommended-editor-setup)
- [Installation of Visual Studio Code](#installation-of-visual-studio-code) * [Installation of Visual Studio Code](#installation-of-visual-studio-code)
- [Extension setup](#extension-setup) * [Extension setup](#extension-setup)
- [Basics](#basics) * [Basics](#basics)
- [Hello World](#hello-world) * [Hello World](#hello-world)
- [Imports and modules](#imports-and-modules) * [Imports and modules](#imports-and-modules)
- [Selective imports](#selective-imports) * [Selective imports](#selective-imports)
- [Scoped imports](#scoped-imports) * [Scoped imports](#scoped-imports)
- [Imports match files and directories](#imports-match-files-and-directories) * [Imports match files and directories](#imports-match-files-and-directories)
- [Basic Types](#basic-types) * [Basic Types](#basic-types)
- [Type conversion](#type-conversion) * [Type conversion](#type-conversion)
- [Type properties](#type-properties) * [Type properties](#type-properties)
- [Indexing](#indexing) * [Indexing](#indexing)
- [Variable declarations](#variable-declarations) * [Variable declarations](#variable-declarations)
- [Mutability](#mutability) * [Mutability](#mutability)
- [`immutable`](#immutable) * [`immutable`](#immutable)
- [`const`](#const) * [`const`](#const)
- [Functions](#functions) * [Functions](#functions)
- [Return type deduction](#return-type-deduction) * [Return type deduction](#return-type-deduction)
- [Default arguments](#default-arguments) * [Default arguments](#default-arguments)
- [Local functions](#local-functions) * [Local functions](#local-functions)
- [Memory and pointers](#memory-and-pointers) * [Memory and pointers](#memory-and-pointers)
- [Memory safety](#memory-safety) * [Memory safety](#memory-safety)
- [Structs](#structs) * [Structs](#structs)
- [Member functions](#member-functions) * [Member functions](#member-functions)
- [`const` member functions](#const-member-functions) * [`const` member functions](#const-member-functions)
- [`static` member functions](#static-member-functions) * [`static` member functions](#static-member-functions)
- [Arrays](#arrays) * [Arrays](#arrays)
- [Static arrays](#static-arrays) * [Static arrays](#static-arrays)
- [Dynamic arrays](#dynamic-arrays) * [Dynamic arrays](#dynamic-arrays)
- [Array operations and properties](#array-operations-and-properties) * [Array operations and properties](#array-operations-and-properties)
- [Slices](#slices) * [Slices](#slices)
- [Alias and `string`s](#alias-and-strings) * [Alias and `string`s](#alias-and-strings)
- [Control flow](#control-flow) * [Control flow](#control-flow)
- [if…else](#if%E2%80%A6else) * [if…else](#if%E2%80%A6else)
- [switch…case](#switch%E2%80%A6case) * [switch…case](#switch%E2%80%A6case)
- [Old fashioned loops](#old-fashioned-loops) * [Old fashioned loops](#old-fashioned-loops)
- [Breaking out of outer loops](#breaking-out-of-outer-loops) * [Breaking out of outer loops](#breaking-out-of-outer-loops)
- [`foreach` loops](#foreach-loops) * [`foreach` loops](#foreach-loops)
- [Element iteration](#element-iteration) * [Element iteration](#element-iteration)
- [Access by reference](#access-by-reference) * [Access by reference](#access-by-reference)
- [Iterate `n` times](#iterate-n-times) * [Iterate `n` times](#iterate-n-times)
- [Iteration with index counter](#iteration-with-index-counter) * [Iteration with index counter](#iteration-with-index-counter)
- [Ranges](#ranges) * [Ranges](#ranges)
- [Laziness](#laziness) * [Laziness](#laziness)
- [Copying ranges](#copying-ranges) * [Copying ranges](#copying-ranges)
- [`RandomAccessRange`s](#randomaccessranges) * [`RandomAccessRange`s](#randomaccessranges)
- [Lazy range algorithms](#lazy-range-algorithms) * [Lazy range algorithms](#lazy-range-algorithms)
- [Associative arrays](#associative-arrays) * [Associative arrays](#associative-arrays)
- [Classes](#classes) * [Classes](#classes)
- [Inheritance](#inheritance) * [Inheritance](#inheritance)
- [Final and abstract member functions](#final-and-abstract-member-functions) * [Final and abstract member functions](#final-and-abstract-member-functions)
- [Checking for identity](#checking-for-identity) * [Checking for identity](#checking-for-identity)
- [Interfaces](#interfaces) * [Interfaces](#interfaces)
- [Templates](#templates) * [Templates](#templates)
- [Template functions](#template-functions) * [Template functions](#template-functions)
- [Other templates](#other-templates) * [Other templates](#other-templates)
- [Template value parameters](#template-value-parameters) * [Template value parameters](#template-value-parameters)
- [Other template parameters](#other-template-parameters) * [Other template parameters](#other-template-parameters)
- [Delegates](#delegates) * [Delegates](#delegates)
- [Functions as arguments](#functions-as-arguments) * [Functions as arguments](#functions-as-arguments)
- [Local functions with context](#local-functions-with-context) * [Local functions with context](#local-functions-with-context)
- [Anonymous functions and lambdas](#anonymous-functions-and-lambdas) * [Anonymous functions and lambdas](#anonymous-functions-and-lambdas)
- [Exceptions](#exceptions) * [Exceptions](#exceptions)
- [`nothrow`](#nothrow) * [`nothrow`](#nothrow)
- [Gems](#gems) * [Gems](#gems)
- [Uniform function call syntax (UFCS)](#uniform-function-call-syntax-ufcs) * [Uniform function call syntax (UFCS)](#uniform-function-call-syntax-ufcs)
- [Scope guards](#scope-guards) * [Scope guards](#scope-guards)
## Setup ## Setup
@ -875,6 +875,7 @@ if (c is null) // ok
### Interfaces ### Interfaces
`interface`s work basically the same as in Java: `interface`s work basically the same as in Java:
```D ```D
interface Animal { interface Animal {
void makeNoise(); void makeNoise();
@ -894,6 +895,7 @@ animal.makeNoise();
### Templates ### Templates
#### Template functions #### Template functions
Template functions in D are very similar to C++ template functions: Template functions in D are very similar to C++ template functions:
```D ```D
@ -917,7 +919,6 @@ template add(T) {
} }
``` ```
D also allows implicit function template instanciation: D also allows implicit function template instanciation:
```D ```D
@ -938,6 +939,7 @@ print!(int, string)(42, "is the best number");
#### Other templates #### Other templates
Of course, `struct`s, `class`es and `interface`s can also be templated: Of course, `struct`s, `class`es and `interface`s can also be templated:
```D ```D
struct S(T) { struct S(T) {
/* … */ /* … */
@ -982,12 +984,11 @@ dog.makeNoise(); // woof!
#### Other template parameters #### Other template parameters
There are some other types of template parameters: template alias parameters There are some other types of template parameters: template alias parameters
and template sequence parameters. Template alias parameters can be any D symbol and template sequence parameters. Template alias parameters can be any D symbol
(which means basically anything except for basic types): (which means basically anything except for basic types):
```D ```D
void print(alias var)() { void print(alias var)() {
writeln(var); writeln(var);
} }
@ -1052,6 +1053,7 @@ writeln(f()); // 42
``` ```
#### Anonymous functions and lambdas #### Anonymous functions and lambdas
You can write anonymous functions and lambdas like this: You can write anonymous functions and lambdas like this:
```D ```D
@ -1069,6 +1071,7 @@ These are often passed as template arguments in the functional parts of Phobos:
``` ```
### Exceptions ### Exceptions
Exceptions in D are very similar to Exceptions in Java: Exceptions in D are very similar to Exceptions in Java:
```D ```D
@ -1108,7 +1111,6 @@ int divide(int a, int b) {
int divide4By2() nothrow { int divide4By2() nothrow {
return divide(4, 2); // error, divide my throw return divide(4, 2); // error, divide my throw
} }
``` ```
## Gems ## Gems
@ -1142,7 +1144,7 @@ auto a = "Cool Stuff".toLower;
assert(a == "cool stuff"); assert(a == "cool stuff");
``` ```
UFCS is especially important when dealing with ranges where several algorithms can be put together to perform complex operations, still allowing to write clear and manageable code. UFCS is especially important when dealing with ranges where several algorithms can be put together to perform complex operations, still allowing to write clear and manageable code.
```D ```D
import std.algorithm : group; import std.algorithm : group;
@ -1154,6 +1156,7 @@ import std.range : chain, retro, front, retro;
### Scope guards ### Scope guards
Scope guards allow executing statements at certain conditions if the current block is left: Scope guards allow executing statements at certain conditions if the current block is left:
* `scope(exit)` will always call the statements. * `scope(exit)` will always call the statements.
* `scope(success)` statements are called when no exceptions have been thrown. * `scope(success)` statements are called when no exceptions have been thrown.
* `scope(failure)` denotes statements that will be called when an exception * `scope(failure)` denotes statements that will be called when an exception
@ -1170,4 +1173,5 @@ void foo() {
scope(exit) free(p); scope(exit) free(p);
/* Do some stuff, which potentially might throw, which does not matter, /* Do some stuff, which potentially might throw, which does not matter,
p is freed anyways when leaving the scope */ p is freed anyways when leaving the scope */
} }
```