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Johannes Loher 2018-06-18 14:30:01 +02:00
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hands-on_dlang.md
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@ -79,11 +79,18 @@
* [Uniform function call syntax (UFCS)](#uniform-function-call-syntax-ufcs) * [Uniform function call syntax (UFCS)](#uniform-function-call-syntax-ufcs)
* [Scope guards](#scope-guards) * [Scope guards](#scope-guards)
* [Range algorithms](#range-algorithms) * [Range algorithms](#range-algorithms)
* [Unittesting](#unittesting) * [Unit testing](#unit-testing)
* [Example](#example) * [Example](#example)
* [Executing unittests](#executing-unittests) * [Executing unit tests](#executing-unit-tests)
* [Code coverage](#code-coverage) * [Code coverage](#code-coverage)
* [String mixins](#string-mixins) * [String mixins](#string-mixins)
* [Compile Time Function Evaluation (CTFE)](#compile-time-function-evaluation-ctfe)
* [Conditional compilation](#conditional-compilation)
* [`static if` & `is`](#static-if-&-is)
* [`static foreach`](#static-foreach)
* [Template constraints](#template-constraints)
## Setup ## Setup
@ -153,7 +160,7 @@ brew cask install visual-studio-code
#### Without DUB #### Without DUB
No special project setup is needed, you can order your sourcefiles any way you No special project setup is needed, you can order your source files any way you
like. You can compile them by invoking DMD: like. You can compile them by invoking DMD:
```bash ```bash
@ -251,7 +258,7 @@ E.g. `my.thing` refers to a file `thing.d` in the folder `my/`.
D has the following basic types: D has the following basic types:
| Datatypes | Size | | Data types | Size |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| `bool`, `byte`, `ubyte`, `char` | 8-bit | | `bool`, `byte`, `ubyte`, `char` | 8-bit |
| `short`, `ushort`, `wchar` | 16-bit | | `short`, `ushort`, `wchar` | 16-bit |
@ -298,7 +305,7 @@ And so do floating point types:
| `.min_normal` | The smallest representable normalized value that is not `0` | | `.min_normal` | The smallest representable normalized value that is not `0` |
| `.nan` | NaN value | | `.nan` | NaN value |
| `.infinity` | Infinity value | | `.infinity` | Infinity value |
| `.dig` | number of decimal digits of precisions | | `.dig` | number of decimal digits of precision |
| `.mant_dig` | number of bits in mantissa | | `.mant_dig` | number of bits in mantissa |
| … | | | … | |
@ -355,14 +362,14 @@ immutable int a;
a = 5; // error a = 5; // error
``` ```
`immutable` objects are implicitly shared accross threads, because the can never `immutable` objects are implicitly shared across threads, because the can never
change their value and thus race conditions are impossible. change their value and thus race conditions are impossible.
#### `const` #### `const`
`const` objects also can not be modified, but this is enforced only in the `const` objects also can not be modified, but this is enforced only in the
current scope. This means, that the object could be modified from a different current scope. This means, that the object could be modified from a different
scope. Both mutable and `immutable` objects implictly convert to `const` scope. Both mutable and `immutable` objects implicitly convert to `const`
objects: objects:
```D ```D
@ -391,7 +398,7 @@ int add(int lhs, int rhs) {
#### Return type deduction #### Return type deduction
A functions return type can be defined to be `auto`. A functions return type can be defined to be `auto`.
In this case, the return type will be infered. In this case, the return type will be inferred.
Multiple return statements are possible, but must return compatible types. Multiple return statements are possible, but must return compatible types.
```D ```D
@ -503,7 +510,7 @@ struct Person {
int height; int height;
this(int age, int height) { this(int age, int height) {
this.age = age; this.age = age;
this. height = height; this.height = height;
} }
} }
``` ```
@ -541,7 +548,7 @@ They work basically the same as in C etc.
D has two types of arrays, static arrays and dynamic arrays. Both of them are D has two types of arrays, static arrays and dynamic arrays. Both of them are
bounds checked unless this feature is explicitly switched of with the compiler bounds checked unless this feature is explicitly switched of with the compiler
flag `--boundcheck=off`. flag `--boundscheck=off`.
#### Static arrays #### Static arrays
@ -555,7 +562,7 @@ int[8] arr;
#### Dynamic arrays #### Dynamic arrays
Dynamic arrays are stored on the heap and have a variabe length, which can Dynamic arrays are stored on the heap and have a variable length, which can
change during runtime. A dynamic array is created with the new expression: change during runtime. A dynamic array is created with the new expression:
```D ```D
@ -645,7 +652,7 @@ alias string = immutable(char)[];
This works very similar to `typedef` from C / C++. This works very similar to `typedef` from C / C++.
The above definition of `string` is atually the definition that is used by D. The above definition of `string` is actually the definition that is used by D.
This means that `string`s are just mutable slices of `immutable` `char`s. This means that `string`s are just mutable slices of `immutable` `char`s.
### Control flow ### Control flow
@ -725,7 +732,7 @@ D has a `foreach` loops which allows for much better readable iterations.
##### Element iteration ##### Element iteration
We can easily iterate ofer slices using `foreach`: We can easily iterate over slices using `foreach`:
```D ```D
auto arr = new int[5]; auto arr = new int[5];
@ -819,7 +826,7 @@ an infinite range can be taken:
#### Copying ranges #### Copying ranges
Copying a range by just using the assignment operator might not have the desired Copying a range by just using the assignment operator might not have the desired
effect, because iterationg over a range can be destructive (i.e. when the range effect, because iterating over a range can be destructive (i.e. when the range
holds internal pointers and a deep copy would be necessary). “copyable” ranges holds internal pointers and a deep copy would be necessary). “copyable” ranges
are called `ForwardRange`s. They need to implement a `.save` method which are called `ForwardRange`s. They need to implement a `.save` method which
returns a copy of the range: returns a copy of the range:
@ -870,10 +877,10 @@ map.remove("key1"); // remove a key from an associative array
D's `class`es are very similar to Java's `class`es. D's `class`es are very similar to Java's `class`es.
Any `class` type implicitely inherits from `Object`. Any `class` type implicitly inherits from `Object`.
```D ```D
class Foo { } // implicitely inherits from Object class Foo { } // implicitly inherits from Object
class Bar : Foo { } // Bar inherits from Foo class Bar : Foo { } // Bar inherits from Foo
``` ```
@ -914,7 +921,7 @@ Classes can only inherit from a single class
#### Checking for identity #### Checking for identity
The `==` operator compares the content of two class objects. Checking for The `==` operator compares the content of two class objects. Checking for
identity is done using the `is` operator. Coparing to `null` is only possible identity is done using the `is` operator. Comparing to `null` is only possible
with this operator: with this operator:
```D ```D
@ -972,7 +979,7 @@ template add(T) {
} }
``` ```
D also allows implicit function template instanciation: D also allows implicit function template instantiation:
```D ```D
add(5, 10); // same as add!int(5,10) add(5, 10); // same as add!int(5,10)
@ -991,7 +998,7 @@ print!(int, string)(42, "is the best number");
#### Other templates #### Other templates
Of course, `struct`s, `class`es and `interface`s can also be templated: Of course, `struct`s, `class`es and `interface`s can also be templates:
```D ```D
struct S(T) { struct S(T) {
@ -1237,9 +1244,9 @@ void foo() {
### Range algorithms ### Range algorithms
The modules `std.range` and `std.algorith` contain many functions which can be The modules `std.range` and `std.algorithm` contain many functions which can be
composed to express complex operations in a readable way. They are based on composed to express complex operations in a readable way. They are based on
ranges and will work on your datatypes, if they implement the range interface. ranges and will work on your data types, if they implement the range interface.
```D ```D
import std.algorithm : canFind, map, import std.algorithm : canFind, map,
@ -1291,9 +1298,9 @@ to efficient, *native* machine code.`;
} }
``` ```
### Unittesting ### Unit testing
D has built-in unittests via a very simple syntax, which can appear anywhere in D has built-in unit tests via a very simple syntax, which can appear anywhere in
a D module: a D module:
```D ```D
@ -1345,10 +1352,10 @@ unittest {
} }
``` ```
#### Executing unittests #### Executing unit tests
To execute the unittests, just compile with the `-unittest` flag. When running To execute the unit tests, just compile with the `-unittest` flag. When running
the program, the unittests get run before the main function is executed. When the program, the unit tests get run before the main function is executed. When
using DUB, just run using DUB, just run
```bash ```bash
@ -1422,7 +1429,7 @@ void main() {
### Conditional compilation ### Conditional compilation
D has several methods of conditional compilation which can be used for code D has several methods of conditional compilation which can be used for code
generation. D’s traits and the module `std.traits` contain many usefull tools generation. D’s traits and the module `std.traits` contain many useful tools
which can be used with the following constructs. which can be used with the following constructs.
#### `static if` & `is` #### `static if` & `is`